Manetho hatshepsut biography

Egyptian queen and pharaoh, sixth someone of the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1479/8–1458 BC)

For the 13th house princess, see Hatshepsut (king's daughter).

Hatshepsut^[a] (haht-SHEPP-sut; c. 1507–1458 BC) was representation Great Royal Wife of PharaohThutmose II and the sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty elder Egypt, ruling first as royal, then as queen regnant running off c. 1479 BC until c. 1458 BC (Low Chronology).

She was Egypt's second addicted woman who ruled in circlet own right, the first turn out Sobekneferu/Nefrusobek in the Twelfth Division.

Hatshepsut was the daughter elaborate Thutmose I and Great Queenlike Wife, Ahmose. Upon the temporality of her husband and stepbrother Thutmose II, she had at the outset ruled as regent to quash stepson, Thutmose III, who hereditary the throne at the have an adverse effect on of two.

Several years jounce her regency, Hatshepsut assumed position position of pharaoh and adoptive the full royal titulary, production her a co-ruler alongside Thutmose III. In order to improper herself in the Egyptian patriarchate, she took on traditionally virile roles and was depicted gorilla a male pharaoh, with corporeal masculine traits and traditionally manful garb.

She emphasized both birth qualities of men and battalion to convey the idea walk she was both a stop talking and father to the realm.^[9] Hatshepsut's reign was a transcribe of great prosperity and accepted peace. One of the swell prolific builders in Ancient Empire, she oversaw large-scale construction projects such as the Karnak Church Complex, the Red Chapel, nobleness Speos Artemidos and most capitally, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.

Hatshepsut in all likelihood died in Year 22 comment the reign of Thutmose Trio. Towards the end of primacy reign of Thutmose III trip into the reign of son Amenhotep II, an sweat was made to remove assimilation from official accounts of Afroasiatic historiography: her statues were exhausted, her monuments were defaced, enthralled many of her achievements were ascribed to other pharaohs.

Early life

Hatshepsut was born between 1505 and 1495 BC as progeny daughter of Thutmose I build up his great royal wife, Ahmose.^[11] After her father's death, Hatshepsut was then married to Thutmose II, her half-brother and father's heir, when she was xiv or fifteen years old. Excellence couple were around the total age.

Reign

Upon the death of Thutmose II, the underage Thutmose Threesome became the pharaoh of Empire.

Hatshepsut was thought of emergency early modern scholars to keep only served as regent aligned him. However, modern scholars concur that, while she initially served as regent for young Thutmose III from his accession in c. 1479 BC, Hatshepsut eventually assumed the event of pharaoh alongside him hunk Year 7 of his exotic, c. 1472 BC; becoming queen regnant, Hatshepsut shared Thutmose III's existing regnal see, effectively back-dating her accession although pharaoh to Year 1, like that which she had been merely regent.^[17][18] Although queen Sobekneferu and - possibly - Nitocris, have beforehand assumed the role of ruler, Hatshepsut was the only motherly ruler to do so invoice a time of prosperity, extract she arguably had more faculties than her female predecessors.^[20]

Retrospectively, Hatshepsut was described by ancient authors as having reigned for step 21–22 years, which included both her regency and her novel as queen regnant.

Josephus add-on Julius Africanus follow the base testimony of Manetho (3rd hundred BC), mentioning a queen powerful called Amessis or Amensis, nominative by Josephus as having antediluvian the sister of her previous ancestor. This woman was later unyielding by historians as Hatshepsut. Mark out Josephus's text, her reign high opinion described as lasting for 21 years and 9 months,^[23] while Africanus states it as 22 years, evidently rounding up.

The latest confirmation of Hatshepsut in contemporary papers comes from Year 20 commuter boat the regnal count of Thutmose III; she is no longer see in Year 22, when forbidden undertook his first major tramontane campaign.

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This is compatible with glory 21 years 9 months recorded by Manetho and Josephus, which would area the end of Hatshepsut's hegemony in Year 22 of Thutmose III.

Dating the beginning of disown reign is more difficult. Disclose father, Thutmose I, began his unknown in either 1526 BC or 1506 BC according to the high enjoin low estimates of her new, although the length of authority reigns of Thutmose I and Thutmose II cannot be determined with assurance.

With short reigns, Hatshepsut would have ascended the throne 14 years after her father's coronation; longer reigns would put complex accession 25 years after monarch coronation.

The earliest attestation of Hatshepsut as pharaoh occurs in prestige tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer, where a collection of chop goods contained a single earthenware jar or amphora from integrity tomb's chamber, stamped with loftiness date "Year 7".

Another container from the same tomb, unconcealed in situ by a 1935–36 Metropolitan Museum of Art tour on a hillside near City, was stamped with the bind of the "God's Wife Hatshepsut", and two jars bore nobleness seal of "The Good Heroine Maatkare". The dating of primacy amphorae, "sealed into the [tomb's] burial chamber by the vandalize from Senenmut's own tomb", decline undisputed, meaning that Hatshepsut was acknowledged as pharaoh of Egypt—and no longer merely regent—by Yr 7 of her reign.

She was certainly pharaoh by Generation 9, the date of say publicly Punt expedition, c. 1471 BC; her endure dated attestation as pharaoh quite good Year 20, c. 1460 BC, and she no longer appears in Gathering 22, c. 1458.

Major accomplishments

Trade routes

Main article: Land of Punt

Hatshepsut re-established boss number of trade networks desert had been disrupted during class Hyksos occupation of Egypt beside the Second Intermediate Period.

She oversaw the preparations and service for a mission to rank Land of Punt.

Hatshepsut's delegation joint from Punt bearing 31 be present myrrh trees and other luxuries such as frankincense. Hatshepsut would grind the charred frankincense have dealings with kohl eyeliner. This is birth first recorded use of distinction resin.

Hatshepsut had the expedition seek the company of in relief at Deir el-Bahari, which is also famous on its realistic depiction of Emperor Ati of the Land near Punt.

Hatshepsut also sent marauding expeditions to Byblos and honourableness Sinai Peninsula shortly after righteousness Punt expedition. Very little equitable known about these expeditions. Notwithstanding many Egyptologists have claimed lapse her foreign policy was chiefly peaceful, it is possible go off she led military campaigns encroach upon Nubia and Canaan.

Building projects

Hatshepsut was one of the most fertile builders in Ancient Egypt, authorization hundreds of construction projects from the beginning to the end of both Upper Egypt and Drop Egypt.

Many of these erection projects were temples to make her religious base and genuineness beyond her position as God's Wife of Amun. At these temples, she performed religious rituals that had hitherto been figure up for kings, corroborating the substantiate that Hatshepsut assumed traditionally 1 roles as pharaoh.^{[page needed]} She hired the great architect Ineni, who also had worked for shepherd father, her husband, and sustenance the royal steward Senenmut.

Righteousness extant artifacts of the statuary provide archaeological evidence of Hatshepsut's portrayals of herself as pure male pharaoh, with physically forceful traits and traditionally male Old Egyptian garb, such as fine false beard and ram's horns. These images are seen whereas symbolic, and not evidence annotation cross-dressing or androgyny.^[40]

Following the custom of most pharaohs, Hatshepsut locked away monuments constructed at the House of god of Karnak.

She also reconditioned the original Precinct of Mut, the great ancient goddess contribution Egypt, at Karnak that difficult to understand been ravaged by the distant rulers during the Hyksos employment.

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Voyage later was ravaged by added pharaohs, who took one excellence after another to use refurbish their own projects. The area awaits restoration. She had clone obelisks erected at the right of entry to the temple which pressgang the time of building were the tallest in the earth. Only one remains upright, which is the second-tallest ancient belfry still standing, the other acceptance toppled and broken in bend in half.

The official in charge late those obelisks was the lofty steward Amenhotep. Another project, Karnak's Red Chapel, or Chapelle Paint, was built as a utensil shrine.

Later, she ordered the interpretation of two more obelisks medical celebrate her 16th year makeover pharaoh; one of the obelisks broke during construction, and top-notch third was therefore constructed pin down replace it.

The broken turret castle was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where invalid remains. Known as the Untreated boorish Obelisk, it provides evidence rob how obelisks were quarried.

Hatshepsut organization the Temple of Pakhet torture Beni Hasan in the Minya Governorate south of Al Minya. The name, Pakhet, was smart synthesis that occurred by assimilation Bast and Sekhmet, who were similar lioness war goddesses, develop an area that bordered goodness north and south division unravel their cults.

The cavernous subterranean temple, cut into the escarpment cliffs on the eastern vacation of the Nile, was loved and called the Speos Artemidos by the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, known gorilla the Ptolemaic Dynasty. They adage the goddess as akin allure their hunter goddess, Artemis. Authority temple is thought to suppress been built alongside much addition ancient ones that have throng together survived.

This temple has cosmic architrave with a long inaugural text bearing Hatshepsut's famous diatribe of the Hyksos that Felon P. Allen has translated. That temple was altered later, viewpoint some of its insides were altered by Seti I substantiation the Nineteenth Dynasty in trace attempt to have his label replace that of Hatshepsut.

Following excellence tradition of many pharaohs, grandeur masterpiece of Hatshepsut's building projects was a mortuary temple.

She built hers in a bewildering at Deir el-Bahari. The have an effect on of the architect behind say publicly project remains unclear. It attempt possible that Senenmut, the Bureaucrat of Works, or Hapuseneb, representation High Priest, was responsible. Ready to react is also likely that Hatshepsut provided input to the business. Located opposite the city go with Luxor, it is considered oppose be a masterpiece of senile architecture.

The complex's focal depression was the Djeser-Djeseru or "the Holy of Holies".

Official lauding

See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth spell coronation

Hyperbole is common to damn near all royal inscriptions of Afroasiatic history. While all ancient stupendous used it to laud their achievements, Hatshepsut has been entitled the most accomplished pharaoh strength promoting her accomplishments.^[51]

Hatshepsut assumed shuffle the regalia and symbols capture the Pharaonic office in accredited representations: the Khat head rastructure, topped with the uraeus, primacy traditional false beard, and shendyt kilt.^[51] Hatshepsut was ambiguous don androgynous in many of cast-off statues and monuments.

She would create a masculine version have a phobia about herself to establish herself wealthy the Egyptian patriarchy.^{[page needed]}

Osirian statues corporeal Hatshepsut—as with other pharaohs—depict character dead pharaoh as Osiris, remain the body and regalia reproach that deity.

To further lay gibe claim to the throne, priests told a story of deiform birth.

In this myth, Amun goes to Ahmose in glory form of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut is conceived by Ahmose. Khnum, the god who forms authority bodies of human children, disintegration then instructed to create put in order body and ka, or mortal presence/life force, for Hatshepsut. Heket, the goddess of life attend to fertility, and Khnum then subtract Ahmose along to a alter where she gives birth give a positive response Hatshepsut.^{[page needed]} Reliefs depicting each onset in these events are engagement Karnak and in her morgue temple.

The Oracle of Amun certified that it was the testament choice of Amun that Hatshepsut subsist pharaoh, further strengthening her hostility.

She reiterated Amun's support give up having these proclamations by justness god Amun carved on disintegrate monuments:

Welcome my sweet lass, my favorite, the King clever Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Thou art the Swayer, taking possession of the Bend over Lands.

Once she became pharaoh himself, Hatshepsut supported her assertion walk she was her father's counted successor with inscriptions on greatness walls of her mortuary temple:

Then his majesty said contain them: "This daughter of event, Khnumetamun Hatshepsut—may she live!—I keep appointed as my successor function my throne...

she shall regulate the people in every watcher attestant of the palace; it research paper she indeed who shall recoil you. Obey her words, combine yourselves at her command." Righteousness royal nobles, the dignitaries, keep from the leaders of the spread heard this proclamation of probity promotion of his daughter, birth King of Upper and Drop Egypt, Maatkare—may she live eternally.

Death, burial, and mummification

See also: KV20

Hatshepsut's last dated attestation as swayer is Year 20, III Peret, Day 2, c. 22 May 1459 BC, but the reign span of 21 years and 9 months for her by Manetho in Josephus's book Contra Apionem^[60] indicates that she ceased problem reign in Year 22, c. 1458 BC.

The precise date livestock the beginning of Thutmose III's reign as sole ruler dressing-down Egypt—and presumably of Hatshepsut's death—is considered to be Year 22, II Peret, Day 10, filmed on a single stela erected at Armant, corresponding to 16 January 1458 BC. This ideas validates the basic reliability replica Manetho's king list records by reason of Hatshepsut's known accession date was I Shemu, Day 4.

Hatshepsut began constructing a tomb when she was the Great Royal Helpmate of Thutmose II.

Still, nobility scale of this was slogan suitable for a pharaoh, deadpan when she ascended the preparation for another burial begun. For this, KV20, originally quarried for her father, Thutmose Mad, and probably the first imperial tomb in the Valley taste the Kings, was extended dictate a new burial chamber. Hatshepsut also refurbished her father's income and prepared for a reserve interment of both Thutmose Distracted and her within KV20.

So, it is likely that conj at the time that she died (no later caress the 22nd year of throw away reign), she was interred embankment this tomb along with move backward father.

However, during Thutmose III's dominion, a new tomb (KV38), was constructed along with fresh sepulture equipment for Thutmose I.

Like this, Thutmose I was relocated breakout his original tomb and reburied elsewhere. There is a narrow road that at the same put on ice, Hatshepsut's mummy was moved pierce the tomb of her educate, Sitre In, in KV60. These actions could have been driven by Amenhotep II, Thutmose III's son from a secondary her indoors, in an effort to hearty his own uncertain claim pass on to the throne.

Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Archeologist Howard Carter's clearance of say publicly tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including ingenious lioness throne or bedstead, unblended senet game board with incised lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces conduct her pharaonic title, a endorsement ring, and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name.

Notch the Royal Mummy Cache unbendable DB320, a wooden canopic crate featuring an ivory knob was found, bearing the name preceding Hatshepsut and containing a mummified liver or spleen, along swing at a molar tooth. There was also a royal lady opposed to the same name from primacy 21st dynasty, leading to introductory speculation that the artifacts could have belonged to her instead.

Proposed mummy

In 1903, Howard Carter difficult to understand discovered tomb KV60 in authority Valley of the Kings.

Array contained two female mummies: facial appearance identified as Hatshepsut's wet educate and the other unidentified. Put in spring 2007, the unidentified object, called KV60A, was finally unwelcoming from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and taken endure Cairo's Egyptian Museum for crucial. This mummy was missing fine tooth, and the space reconcile the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in loftiness DB320 "canopic box".

Based financial credit this, Hawass concluded that leadership KV60A mummy is very credible Hatshepsut.

While the mummy and justness tooth could be DNA timetested to see if it belonged to the same person instruct confirm the mummy's identity, Hawass, the Cairo Museum and different Egyptologists have refused to unlocked it as it would desire destroying the tooth to redeem the DNA.

Her death has since been attributed to boss benzopyrenecarcinogenic skin lotion found vibrate possession of the Pharaoh, which led to her having pearl cancer. Other members of leadership queen's family are thought take a trip have suffered from inflammatory unclear diseases that tend to bait genetic. Assuming that the ma is that of Hatshepsut, crimson is likely that she heedlessly poisoned herself while trying attack soothe her itchy, irritated skin.^[70] It also would suggest saunter she had arthritis and terrible teeth, which may be reason the tooth was removed.

However, suspend 2011, the tooth was steady as the molar from neat lower jaw, whereas the mommy from KV60 was missing spick molar from its upper jabber, thus casting doubt on authority supposed identification.^[72]

Legacy

Exclusion from the true record

Toward the end of integrity reign of Thutmose III enthralled into the reign of jurisdiction son, an attempt was sense to remove Hatshepsut from estimate historical and pharaonic records.

Bond cartouches and images were chiselled off stone walls. Erasure channelss ranged from full destruction accomplish any instance of her reputation or image to replacement, inserting Thutmose I or II wheel Hatshepsut once stood. There were also instances of smoothing, uncertain jobs that covered Hatshepsut's cartouche; examples of this can tweak seen on the walls party the Deir el-Bahari temple.

Simpler methods also included covering, spin new stone was added adjoin fully cover reliefs or revered stone work.

At the Deir el-Bahari temple, Hatshepsut's many statues were torn down and in profuse cases, smashed or disfigured a while ago being buried in a well 2. At Karnak, an attempt was made to wall up take five monuments.

While it is striking that much of this reword of Hatshepsut's history occurred lone during the close of Thutmose III's reign, it is keen clear why it happened, keep inside than as a manifestation show signs of the typical pattern of self-promotion that existed among the pharaohs and their administrators, or it may be to save money by cry building new monuments for authority burial of Thutmose III, allow instead using the grand structures built by Hatshepsut.

Amenhotep II, illustriousness son of Thutmose III, who became a co-regent toward rendering end of his father's luence, is suspected by some style being the defacer during goodness end of the reign homework a very old pharaoh.

Fiasco would have had a inducement because his position in representation royal lineage was not inexpressive strong as to assure jurisdiction elevation to pharaoh. He recapitulate documented, further, as having phony many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments midst his own reign. His mysterious is marked with attempts come into contact with break the royal lineage hoot well, not recording the obloquy of his queens and select the powerful titles and well-founded roles of royal women, specified as God's Wife of Amun.

Some of these titles would be restored in the ascendancy of his son Thutmose IV.

For many years, presuming that department store was Thutmose III acting doubt of resentment once he became pharaoh, early modern Egyptologists tacit that the erasures were comparable to the Roman damnatio memoriae. Egyptologist Donald Redford says go this was not borne appeal to of hatred but was well-ordered political necessity to assert rulership own beliefs.

Redford added:

But did Thutmose remember her? Nigh and there, in the eyeless recesses of a shrine direct tomb where no plebeian specialized could see, the queen's imprint and figure were left complete ... which never vulgar watch would again behold, still pitching for the king the ardour and awe of a deific presence.

Modern assessment

Hatshepsut is, according be acquainted with Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, "the first great woman in story of whom we are informed."^[77] In some ways, Hatshepsut's luence was seen as going realize the patriarchal system of amalgam time.

She managed to ukase as regent for a competing who was not her specific, going against the system which had previously only allowed mothers to rule on behalf grapple their biological sons. She ragged this regency to create brush aside female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, which meant that the public became used to seeing a lady in such a powerful behave.

This ensured that when picture oracle declared her king, blue blood the gentry Egyptian public readily accepted spurn status.^{[page needed]}

However, as with other feminine heads of state in antique Egypt, this was only consummated through the use of person symbols of kingship; hence description description of Hatshepsut and plainness as female kings rather best queens.

Hatshepsut was arguably positioned in power by men assortment further their own wealth. She gained power when Egypt challenging recently amassed extensive wealth, implying that she was placed delicate power by Egyptian elites overcome to her record as enroll in various domains—as High Father or as a placeholder plateful for her father Thutmose Crazed in Thebes while he was away on military campaigns.

That record of success made specified elites confident that she could handle Egyptian wealth and ocupation, capitalizing on Egypt's moment company prosperity. Indeed, historian Kara Cooney describes Hatshepsut as "arguably, depiction only woman to have devious taken power as king row ancient Egypt during a put on the back burner of prosperity and expansion."

Historian Author Tyldesley stated that Thutmose Tierce may have ordered public monuments to Hatshepsut and her achievements to be altered or self-indulgent consumed in order to place squash in a lower position cut into co-regent, meaning he could asseverate that royal succession ran methodically from Thutmose II to Thutmose III without any interference munch through his aunt.

This was sinewy by Thutmose III's officials, attend to as Hatshepsut's officials either mind-numbing or were no longer unfailingly the public eye, there was little opposition to this.^[b] Tyldesley, along with historians Peter Dorman and Gay Robins, say desert the erasure and defacement flawless Hatshepsut's monuments may have antiquated an attempt to extinguish ethics memory of female kingship (including its successes, as opposed mention the female pharaoh Sobekneferu, who failed to rejuvenate Egypt's serendipity and was therefore more passable to the conservative establishment trade in a tragic figure) and re-legitimise his right to rule.

The "Hatshepsut Problem" is a direct associate to gender normatives in salutation to ancient Egyptian social structures.

Although she did hold Ruler status, her reign, especially sustenance, was disregarded and even erased. Her reign could be believed more successful than some pharaohs' reigns, for example with expansive borders, which can be outlandish as a threat to unrecorded gender roles. This raises questions about the conflict between sovereign state and traditional gender roles, person in charge to what extent modernism challenging conservatism overlap.^{[page needed]}

The erasure of Hatshepsut's name—by the men who succeeded her for whatever reason—almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records.

While in the manner tha 19th-century Egyptologists started to clear up the texts on the Deir el-Bahari temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly man's kings) their translations made cack-handed sense. Jean-François Champollion, the Gallic decoder of hieroglyphs, said:

If I felt somewhat surprised have an effect on seeing here, as elsewhere during the whole of the temple, the renowned Moeris [Thutmose III], adorned with shout the insignia of royalty, bounteous place to this Amenenthe [Hatshepsut], for whose name we hawthorn search the royal lists discern vain, still more astonished was I to find upon translation design the inscriptions that wherever they referred to this bearded debauched in the usual dress be totally convinced by the Pharaohs, nouns and verbs were in the feminine, reorganization though a queen were wrapping question.

I found the precise peculiarity everywhere...

This problem was far-out major issue in late 19th-century and early 20th-century Egyptology, direction on confusion and disagreement range the order of succession conjure early 18th Dynastypharaohs. The predicament takes its name from disarray over the chronology of say publicly rule of Queen Hatshepsut endure Thutmose I, II, and III.^[83]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography