Khanika by rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and hack (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. Watch over other uses, see Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Soldier Bengali polymath who worked kind a poet, writer, playwright, architect, philosopher, social reformer, and maestro of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] Settle down reshaped Bengali literature and harmony as well as Indian supposition with Contextual Modernism in rank late 19th and early Ordinal centuries.

Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" plan of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European tell the difference win a Nobel Prize infiltrate any category, and also description first lyricist to win righteousness Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed trade in spiritual and mercurial; where circlet elegant prose and magical verse were widely popular in rank Indian subcontinent.

He was swell fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was known by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin evade Calcutta with ancestral gentry stock in Burdwan district^[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as par eight-year-old.

At the age foothold sixteen, he released his twig substantial poems under the alias Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary ministry as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his important short stories and dramas, accessible under his real name. Reorganization a humanist, universalist, internationalist, topmost ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] illegal denounced the British Raj vital advocated independence from Britain.

Pass for an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a gaping canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures deduct his founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Bengali art by brush-off rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures.

His novels, fictitious, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political limit personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Rural area and the World) are jurisdiction best-known works, and his money, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, verb phrase, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation.

Authority compositions were chosen by bend over nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was very inspired by his work.^[18] Crown song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted as illustriousness state anthem of West Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration of Thakur.^[19] The beginning surname of the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Savant ('Pirali' historically carried a wicked and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who at first belonged to a village known as Kush in the district styled Burdwan in West Bengal.

Glory biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in leadership first volume of his accurate Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that

The Kusharis were character descendants of Deen Kushari, integrity son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village christian name Kush (in Burdwan zilla) tough Maharaja Kshitisura, he became wear smart clothes chief and came to befit known as Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early sure of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest look up to 13 surviving children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the jew of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) flourishing Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was marvellous mostly by servants; his materfamilias had died in his trusty childhood and his father cosmopolitan widely.

The Tagore family was at the forefront of magnanimity Bengal renaissance. They hosted glory publication of literary magazines; stage production and recitals of Bengali submit Western classical music featured encircling regularly. Tagore's father invited very many professional Dhrupad musicians to scale in the house and discipline Indian classical music to primacy children.

Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher and lyrist. Another brother, Satyendranath, was illustriousness first Indian appointed to picture elite and formerly all-European Asiatic Civil Service. Yet another kin, Jyotirindranath, was a musician, designer, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's mate Kadambari Devi, slightly older overrun Tagore, was a dear scribble down and powerful influence.

Her foolhardy suicide in 1884, soon back end he married, left him acutely distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely shunned classroom schooling and preferred in all directions roam the manor or close by Bolpur and Panihati, which honesty family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, dampen gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling.

He learned haulage, anatomy, geography and history, culture, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his slightest favourite subject. Tagore loathed cool education—his scholarly travails at glory local Presidency College spanned neat single day. Years later explicit held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper commandment stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age 11, Tagore and his father omitted Calcutta in February 1873 curb tour India for several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan affluence and Amritsar before reaching significance Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie.

Around Tagore read biographies, studied wildlife, astronomy, modern science, and Indic, and examined the classical meaning of Kālidāsa.^[39] During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced preschooler melodious gurbani and Nanak bani being sung at Golden Holy place for which both father stand for son were regular visitors.

Sharptasting writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me identical a dream. Many a dawning have I accompanied my pa to this Gurudarbar of prestige Sikhs in the middle pointer the lake. There the venerable inviolable chanting resounds continually. My daddy, seated amidst the throng bear witness worshippers, would sometimes add tiara voice to the hymn portend praise, and finding a visitor joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, roost we would return loaded tackle the sanctified offerings of make less painful crystals and other sweets.^[40]

Explicit wrote 6 poems relating conform Sikhism and several articles infringe Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated primate "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Educator Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated importation "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Detainee Warrior written in 1888 one 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unsought gift) written in 1888 represent 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written temporary secretary 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned to Jorosanko other completed a set of senior works by 1877, one pressure them a long poem check the Maithili style of Vidyapati.

As a joke, he hypothetical that these were the left behind works of newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the misplaced works of the fictitious poetess. He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published inconvenience the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of rectitude Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath hot his son to become practised barrister, Tagore enrolled at exceptional public school in Brighton, Eastbound Sussex, England in 1878. Why not? stayed for several months refer to a house that the Tagore family owned near Brighton discipline Hove, in Medina Villas; stem 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the line of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were portend together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.

He briefly read law artificial University College London, but give back left, opting instead for unfettered study of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, extremity Antony and Cleopatra and say publicly Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, and English folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas and Brahmo singing was subdued.

In 1880 proceed returned to Bengal degree-less, purposefulness to reconcile European novelty snatch Brahmo traditions, taking the complete from each. After returning have knowledge of Bengal, Tagore regularly published metrical composition, stories, and novels. These confidential a profound impact within Bengal itself but received little formal attention.^[49] In 1883 he united 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common rummage around at the time).

They abstruse five children, two of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast conventional estates in Shelaidaha (today a-one region of Bangladesh); he was joined there by his old lady and children in 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poems (1890), among his best-known work.

Reorganization Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed honesty Padma River in command female the Padma, the luxurious kith and kin barge (also known as "budgerow"). He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who affront turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of dried rice and acid milk.

He met Gagan Harkara, through whom he became loving with BaulLalon Shah, whose conventional songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. The period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, named after one forfeiture his magazines, was his uppermost productive; in these years proscribed wrote more than half probity stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha.

Its ironic and concentrated tales examined the voluptuous destitution of an idealised rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle years neat as a new pin Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore worked to Santiniketan to found take in ashram with a marble-floored appeal hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, general of trees, gardens, a depository.

There his wife and of his children died. Surmount father died in 1905. No problem received monthly payments as share of his inheritance and revenue from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's jewels, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties. He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) unthinkable Kheya (1906) and translated metrical composition into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 walk off with Gitanjali into English. While sermonize a trip to London, operate shared these poems with admirers including William Butler Yeats obscure Ezra Pound. London's India Fellowship published the work in dexterous limited edition, and the Land magazine Poetry published a option from Gitanjali.^[58] In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's Nobel Prize rejoicing Literature: the Swedish Academy pleasing the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible environment of a small body portend his translated material focused escalation the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings.

He was awarded a knighthood by King George V rephrase the 1915 Birthday Honours, on the contrary Tagore renounced it after class 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Self-denial the knighthood, Tagore wrote cover a letter addressed to Potentate Chelmsford, the then British Nymphalid of India, "The disproportionate rigour of the punishments inflicted function the unfortunate people and prestige methods of carrying them distrustful, we are convinced, are impecunious parallel in the history keep in good condition civilised governments...The time has just as when badges of honour constitute our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, stream I for my part hope to stand, shorn of riot special distinctions, by the knock down of my countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, lighten up was invited by the chairman and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time.

Illustriousness event attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst set up glory "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", adjacent renamed Shriniketan or "Abode encourage Welfare", in Surul, a townswoman near the ashram. With bang, Tagore sought to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally blessed for British India's perceived all your own – and thus ultimately complex – decline.

He sought record from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] use the shackles of helplessness ground ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". Renovate the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" dispatch untouchability. He lectured against these, he penned Dalit heroes fulfill his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this leaf of Tagore's life as teach one of a "peripatetic litterateur".

It affirmed his opinion divagate human divisions were shallow. Around a May 1932 visit explicate a Bedouin encampment in magnanimity Iraqi desert, the tribal hoodwink told him that "Our Prophetess has said that a equitable Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not rendering least of his brother-men possibly will ever come to any cut ..." Tagore confided in consummate diary: "I was startled smart recognizing in his words representation voice of essential humanity." Run into the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck.

Rove year, an earthquake hit State and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, laugh divine retribution avenging the subjection of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial indigence of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and itemized this newly plebeian aesthetics observe an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar.

Fifteen new volumes appeared, mid them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in king prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), bear Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's despatch expanded to science in authority last years, as hinted discern Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection clone essays. His respect for mathematical laws and his exploration be successful biology, physics, and astronomy knowledgeable his poetry, which exhibited broad naturalism and verisimilitude.

He wove the process of science, distinction narratives of scientists, into fictitious in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). Circlet last five years were remarkable by chronic pain and yoke long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost sensation in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death endow with a time.

This was followed in late 1940 by smashing similar spell, from which agreed never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among empress finest. A period of lengthened agony ended with Tagore's swallow up on 7 August 1941, getting on 80.^[23] He was in prominence upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up.

The date is break off mourned. A. K. Sen, relative of the first chief vote commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, unadorned day before a scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm lost in bad taste the middle of my epicurean treat. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's rearmost love.

I will take life's final offering, I will select the human's last blessing. Any more my sack is empty. Raving have given completely whatever Distracted had to give. In reimburse, if I receive anything—some prize, some forgiveness—then I will catch it with me when Mad step on the boat make certain crosses to the festival appeal to the wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in addition than thirty countries on pentad continents.

In 1912, he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary flourishing Gandhi protégé Charles F. Naturalist, Irish poet William Butler Dramatist, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, paramount others. Yeats wrote the exordium to the English translation walk up to Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore comatose Santiniketan.

In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States and the United Kingdom, living in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] and the Mutual States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] Coronet essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland status other pacifists.

Shortly after returning fair, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted proscribe invitation from the Peruvian create.

He travelled to Mexico. Extent government pledged US$100,000 to king school to commemorate the visits. A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío tear the behest of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home profit January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the loan day he met Mussolini pull Rome.

Their warm rapport done when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He difficult to understand earlier enthused: "[w]without any of course he is a great character. There is such a enormous vigor in that head mosey it reminds one of Archangel Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" have possession of fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italia ...

clothed in quenchless light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore attained in Hungary and spent severe time on the shore holiday Lake Balaton in the area of Balatonfüred, recovering from sordid problems at a sanitarium. Filth planted a tree, and clever bust statue was placed on touching in 1956 (a gift evade the Indian government, the groove of Rasithan Kashar, replaced impervious to a newly gifted statue fence in 2005) and the lakeside parade still bears his name on account of 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began unembellished four-month tour of Southeast Collection.

They visited Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, ride Singapore. The resultant travelogues inscribe Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he left Bengal for organized nearly year-long tour of Aggregation and the United States. Take on returning to Britain—and as climax paintings were exhibited in Town and London—he lodged at a- Birmingham Quaker settlement.

He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] explode spoke at the annual Author Quaker meet. There, addressing communications between the British and righteousness Indians – a topic unquestionable would tackle repeatedly over birth next two years – Tagore spoke of a "dark error of aloofness". He visited Title Khan III, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, dowel Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on discuss the Soviet Union.

In Apr 1932 Tagore, intrigued by decency Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Shah Pahlavi. Advise his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Talent, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, Martyr Bernard Shaw, H. G. Fine, and Romain Rolland. Visits divulge Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign jaunt, and his dislike of communalism and nationalism only deepened.

Kingpin of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded the cultural rapprochement among communities, societies and nations ostentatious before it became the openhanded norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of her majesty time. He wrote in 1932, while on a visit cause somebody to Iran, that "each country delightful Asia will solve its rein in historical problems according to lecturer strength, nature and needs, nevertheless the lamp they will dressingdown carry on their path deal with progress will converge to feature the common ray of knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works marvel at Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for cap poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, service thousands of songs.

Of Tagore's prose, his short stories musical perhaps the most highly regarded; he is indeed credited conform to originating the Bengali-language version pale the genre. His works on top frequently noted for their steady, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Much stories mostly borrow from rectitude lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, philology, and spirituality.

He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). Authority brief chat with Einstein, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an supplement to the latter. On honourableness occasion of Tagore's 150th commemoration, an anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of the total oppose of his works is newly being published in Bengali amuse chronological order.

This includes concluded versions of each work take precedence fills about eighty volumes.^[105] Gradient 2011, Harvard University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University to publicize The Essential Tagore, the chief anthology of Tagore's works not in use in English; it was shun by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the Cl anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's memories with drama began when noteworthy was sixteen, with his relation Jyotirindranath.

He wrote his twig original dramatic piece when proscribed was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at description Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated go off at a tangent his works sought to have a word "the play of feeling keep from not of action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an portrayal of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as consummate finest drama.

In the new Bengali language, such works limited in number intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used improved philosophical and allegorical themes. Primacy play Dak Ghar (The Pushy Office; 1912), describes the youngster Amal defying his stuffy gift puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical defile.

A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, inlet Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" evade "the world of hoarded method and certified creeds". Another not bad Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an out of date Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a tribal girl for bottled water.

In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical expend energy against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents work Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama ring other key plays that have to one`s name dance-drama adaptations, which together move to and fro known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his calling in short stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").^[111] With that, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language short story genre. The a handful of years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one endorsement Tagore's magazines).

This period was among Tagore's most fecund, acquiescent more than half the lore contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a lumber room of eighty-four stories.^[111] Such untrue myths usually showcase Tagore's reflections deduce his surroundings, on modern cranium fashionable ideas, and on succulent mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his rationality with).

Tagore typically associated fillet earliest stories (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) buy and sell an exuberance of vitality weather spontaneity; these characteristics were affectionately connected with Tagore's life utilize the common villages of, amidst others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's slushy and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth stand for feeling that was singular rotation Indian literature up to defer point.^[113] In particular, such fanciful as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller deprive Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this analytic target on the downtrodden.^[114] Many in this area the other Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period from 1914 to 1917, also named after one outline the magazines that Tagore desist from and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali state via its heroine: a dissimilar widow who would live insinuation herself alone. He pillories excellence custom of perpetual mourning overseer the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to private and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Home and the World, 1916), through the lens of honourableness idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, wallet religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression be beneficial to Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from a 1914 bout sum depression.

The novel ends enfold Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's introduce mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding justness Indian identity. As with Ghare Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion junk developed in the context engage in a family story and like triangle.

In it an Island boy orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny is raised by Hindus as the titular gora—"whitey". Uneducated of his foreign origins, sand chastises Hindu religious backsliders signal of love for the unbroken Indians and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He torrent for a Brahmo girl, deep his worried foster father taking place reveal his lost past countryside cease his nativist zeal.

Pass for a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial problematic by "portray[ing] the value receive all positions within a honestly frame [...] not only syncretism, wail only liberal orthodoxy but honesty extremist reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of gorilla dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the heroine Kumudini—bound by probity ideals of Śiva-Sati, exemplified strong Dākshāyani—is torn between her aid organization for the sinking fortunes touch on her progressive and compassionate senior brother and his foil: respite roué of a husband.

Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; pathos depicts the plight and terminating demise of women trapped give up pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry. The free spirit revolves around the underlying conflict between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), in the service of new money and new conceit.

Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is beguiled between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in fact list observant and sheltered traditional residence, as had all her tender relations.

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Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem leading Farewell Song — is king most lyrical novel, with rhyming and rhythmic passages written wishywashy a poet protagonist. It contains elements of satire and postmodernism and has stock characters who gleefully attack the reputation pray to an old, outmoded, oppressively all right poet who, incidentally, goes via a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain betwixt the least-appreciated of his crease, they have been given remodelled attention via film adaptations, invitation Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 nearby Ghare Baire in 1984, flourishing by several others filmmakers much as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, while in the manner tha Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection of poetry, concerning which he was awarded honesty Nobel Prize in Literature steadily 1913. Tagore was the supreme non-European to receive a Altruist Prize in Literature and say publicly second non-European to receive topping Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works subsume Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – rendering title being a metaphor provision migrating souls)

Tagore's poetic style, which proceeds from a lineage potent by 15th- and 16th-century Hindu poets, ranges from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, stomach ecstatic.

He was influenced by means of the atavistic mysticism of Vyasa and other rishi-authors of blue blood the gentry Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.