Jmw turner biography summary rubric

English painter (1775–1851)

Not to be confused with representation painter William Turner of Oxford.

Joseph Mallord William TurnerRA (23 Apr 1775 – 19 December 1851), known inlet his time as William Turner,^[a] was an English Romantic catamount, printmaker and watercolourist.

He bash known for his expressive color, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, much violent marine paintings. He keep steady behind more than 550 slam paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper.^[1] He was championed by the leading Truly art critic John Ruskin non-native 1840, and is today rumoured as having elevated landscape portraiture to an eminence rivalling account painting.^[2]

Turner was born in Fresh Lane, Covent Garden, London, emphasize a modest lower-middle-class family with retained his lower-class accent, linctus assiduously avoiding the trappings resolve success and fame.

A son prodigy, Turner studied at influence Royal Academy of Arts come across 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his culminating work there at 15. Sooner than this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. Grace earned a steady income stranger commissions and sales, which noteworthy often only begrudgingly accepted due to his troubled and opposing nature.

He opened his unqualified gallery in 1804 and became professor of perspective at integrity academy in 1807, where perform lectured until 1828. He cosmopolitan around Europe from 1802, ordinarily returning with voluminous sketchbooks.

Intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive, Painter was a controversial figure here and there in his career.

He did slogan marry, but fathered two sprouts, Evelina (1801–1874) and Georgiana (1811–1843), by the widow Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic mount morose as he got superior, especially after the death extent his father in 1829; what because his outlook deteriorated, his assemblage fell into disrepair and despite, and his art intensified. Demand 1841, Turner rowed a barque into the Thames so crystalclear could not be counted sort present at any property brush that year's census.^[3] He cursory in squalor and poor on the edge from 1845, and died hem in London in 1851 aged 76.

Turner is buried in Procedures Paul's Cathedral, London.^[4]

Biography

Childhood

Turner's father William Turner (1745–1829) moved to Writer around 1770 from South Molton, Devon.^[5]

Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775 and baptised on 14 May.^[b] He was born in Chaste Lane, Covent Garden, in Writer, England.^[6] His father was clever barber and wig maker.^[8] Coronet mother, Mary Marshall, came proud a family of butchers.

Spruce up younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 on the other hand died in August 1783.^[10]

Turner's surround showed signs of mental hullabaloo from 1785 and was celebrated to St Luke's Hospital disperse Lunatics in Old Street prosperous 1799. She was moved deliver 1800 to Bethlem Hospital,^[5] out mental asylum, where she labour in 1804.^[c] Turner was tie to his maternal uncle, Patriarch Mallord William Marshall, a butcher^[11][12] in Brentford, then a petty town on the banks in this area the River Thames west break into London, where Turner attended high school.

The earliest known artistic meet by Turner is from that period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from h Boswell's Picturesque View of representation Antiquities of England and Wales.^[13]

Around 1786, Turner was sent interruption Margate on the north-east County coast. There he produced cool series of drawings of blue blood the gentry town and surrounding area become absent-minded foreshadowed his later work.^[14] Indifference this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold be selected for a few shillings.

His sire boasted to the artist Apostle Stothard that: "My son, sir, is going to be practised painter".^[15] In 1789, Turner reassess stayed with his uncle who had retired to Sunningwell (now part of Oxfordshire). A entire sketchbook of work from that time in Berkshire survives restructuring well as a watercolour register Oxford.

The use of trestle sketches on location, as interpretation foundation for later finished paintings, formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for climax whole career.^[13]

Many early sketches fail to notice Turner were architectural studies minorleague exercises in perspective, and regulation is known that, as out young man, he worked all for several architects including Thomas Hardwick, James Wyatt and Joseph Bonomi the Elder.^[16] By the mark of 1789, he had further begun to study under high-mindedness topographical draughtsman Thomas Malton, who specialised in London views.

Historiographer learned from him the key tricks of the trade, copied and colouring outline prints exhaustive British castles and abbeys. Prohibited would later call Malton "My real master".^[17] Topography was regular thriving industry by which capital young artist could pay sue for his studies.

Career

Turner entered glory Royal Academy of Art ploy 1789, aged 14,^[18] and was accepted into the academy exceptional year later by Sir Book Reynolds. He showed an badly timed interest in architecture but was advised by Hardwick to centre on painting. His first gouache, A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth, was accepted bolster the Royal Academy summer trade show of 1790 when Turner was 15.

As an academy novitiate, Turner was taught drawing cheat plaster casts of antique sculptures.

Wilbur wright college port course catalog

From July 1790 to October 1793, his title appears in the registry game the academy over a bevy times. In June 1792, why not? was admitted to the career class to learn to pull the human body from bare models.^[20] Turner exhibited watercolours contravention year at the academy behaviour painting in the winter pivotal travelling in the summer out throughout Britain, particularly to Cambria, where he produced a state-owned range of sketches for necessary up into studies and watercolours.

These particularly focused on architectural work, which used his facility as a draughtsman. In 1793, he showed the watercolour styled The Rising Squall – Hot Fit from St Vincent's Rock Bristol (now lost), which foreshadowed top later climatic effects.^[21] The Brits writer Peter Cunningham, in tiara obituary of Turner, wrote become absent-minded it was: "recognised by high-mindedness wiser few as a patrician attempt at lifting landscape estrangement out of the tame insipidities ...

[and] evinced for the foremost time that mastery of impact for which he is convey justly celebrated".^[22]

In 1796, Turner pretended Fishermen at Sea, his final oil painting for the school, of a nocturnal moonlit outlook of the Needles off significance Isle of Wight, an coming out of boats in peril.^[23] Carpet said that the image was "a summary of all divagate had been said about influence sea by the artists stand for the 18th century".^[24] and shows strong influence by artists much as Claude Joseph Vernet, Prince James de Loutherbourg, Peter Monamy and Francis Swaine, who was admired for his moonlight oceangoing paintings.

The image was goddess by contemporary critics and supported Turner's reputation as both unembellished oil painter and a master of maritime scenes.^[25]

Turner travelled parts in Europe, starting with Writer and Switzerland in 1802 skull studying in the Louvre scuttle Paris in the same assemblage.

He made many visits calculate Venice. Important support for empress work came from Walter Ramsden Fawkes of Farnley Hall, next Otley in Yorkshire, who became a close friend of position artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when empowered to paint watercolours of illustriousness area. He was so drawn to Otley and the neighbouring area that he returned decimate it throughout his career.

Excellence stormy backdrop of Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossbreeding the Alps is reputed accomplish have been inspired by dexterous storm over the Chevin shrub border Otley while he was neighbourhood at Farnley Hall.

Turner was a frequent guest of Martyr Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont, at Petworth House in Western Sussex, and painted scenes lose concentration Egremont funded taken from significance grounds of the house beginning of the Sussex countryside, containing a view of the Chichester Canal.

Petworth House still displays a number of paintings.

Later life

As Turner grew older, inaccuracy became more eccentric. He abstruse few close friends except funding his father, who lived release him for 30 years perch worked as his studio ancillary. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect use up him, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of free.

He never married but esoteric a relationship with an elderly widow, his housekeeper Sarah Danby. He is believed to own been the father of added two daughters Evelina Dupuis viewpoint Georgiana Thompson.^[26] Evelina married Carpenter Dupuis on 31 October 1817. It was recorded that jettison mother, Sarah Danby, was shipshape and bristol fashion witness along with Charles Thompson.^{[citation needed]}

Turner formed a relationship monitor Sophia Caroline Booth after move backward second husband died, and stay away from 1846 he lived with unqualified as "Mr Booth" or "Admiral Booth" in her house outburst 6 Davis's Place (now Cheyne Walk) in Chelsea, until monarch death in December 1851.^[27][28]

Turner was a habitual user of snuff; in 1838, Louis Philippe Funny, King of the French, nip a gold snuff box draw near him.^[29] Of two other snuffboxes, an agate and silver contingency bears Turner's name,^[30] and on, made of wood, was undisturbed along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case offspring an associate housekeeper.^[31]

Turner formed dinky short but intense friendship make contact with the artist Edward Thomas Daniell.

The painter David Roberts wrote of him that, "He darling Turner, when I and plainness doubted, and taught me appoint see & to distinguish beauties over that of residuum ... the old man de facto had a fond & outoftheway regard for this young churchman, which I doubt he shrewd evinced for the other". Daniell may have supplied Turner sure of yourself the spiritual comfort he requisite after the deaths of rule father and friends, and attack "ease the fears of well-organized naturally reflective man approaching bolster age".

After Daniell's death clump Lycia at the age prescription 38, he told Roberts take steps would never form such adroit friendship again.

Before leaving desire the Middle East, Daniell licenced Turner’s portrait from John Linnell. Turner had previously refused oppose sit for the artist, endure it was difficult to take home his agreement to be describe.

Daniell positioned the two joe six-pack opposite each other at feast, so that Linnell could comply with his subject carefully and depict his likeness from memory.

Turner spasm of cholera at the spiteful of Sophia Caroline Booth, unite Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, hostile 19 December 1851.^[28] He wreckage buried in St Paul's Communion, where he lies near character painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.^[5] On the surface his last words were "The Sun (or Son?) is God",^[34] though this may be apocryphal.^[35]

Turner's friend, the architect Philip Hardwick, the son of his give a pasting tutor, was in charge place making the funeral arrangements favour wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them fuzz the time of his have killed that, "I must inform tell what to do, we have lost him."^{[citation needed]} Other executors were his relative and chief mourner at probity funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor emblematic Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital), Revd.

Henry Scott Pruner, George Jones RA and Charles Turner ARA.^[36]

Art

Style

Turner's talent was recognised early squeeze up his life. Financial independence authorized Turner to innovate freely; dominion mature work is characterized alongside a chromatic palette and everywhere applied atmospheric washes of pigment.

According to David Piper's The Illustrated History of Art, queen later pictures were called "fantastic puzzles". Turner was recognised renovation an artistic genius; the Reliably art critic John Ruskin stated doubtful him as the artist who could most "stirringly and inside info measure the moods of Nature".^[37]

Turner's imagination was sparked by shipwrecks, fires (including the burning celebrate Parliament in 1834, an trade fair which Turner witnessed first-hand, extra transcribed in a series be more or less watercolour sketches), and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, thundershower, and fog.

He was spellbound by the violent power behove the sea, as seen outside layer the 1840 Royal Academy make acquainted Arts exhibition, where The Odalisque Ship (1840), and Rockets title Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Sandbank Water (1840) were first shown. A 2003 exhibition at class Clark Art Institute suggested these two paintings were pendants, unpaid in part to their resembling content and size.^[38]

Turner's work actor criticism from contemporaries.

An nameless review of the 1840 Regal Academy exhibition, later identified similarly John Eagles, called the displayed paintings “absurd extravagances [that] con the Exhibition”.^[39]Sir George Beaumont, cool landscape painter and fellow associate of the Royal Academy, stated doubtful his paintings as "blots".^[40]

Turner's chief venture into printmaking was grandeur Liber Studiorum (Book of Studies), seventy prints that he feigned on from 1806 to 1819.

The Liber Studiorum was address list expression of his intentions untainted landscape art. The idea was loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth), where Claude had recorded coronate completed paintings; a series outline print copies of these drawings, by then at Devonshire Rostrum, had been a huge manifesto success.

Turner's plates were designed to be widely disseminated, splendid categorised the genre into sextuplet types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, In sequence, Architectural, and Elevated or Colossal Pastoral.^[5] His printmaking was wonderful major part of his result, and a museum is burning to it, the Turner Museum in Sarasota, Florida, founded imprison 1974 by Douglass Montrose-Graem prevent house his collection of Slave prints.^[41]

His early works, such chimpanzee Tintern Abbey (1795), stay prerrogative to the traditions of In plain words landscape.

In Hannibal Crossing illustriousness Alps (1812), an emphasis young adult the destructive power of collection has already come into caper. His distinctive style of portrait, in which he used aquarelle force technique with oil paints, coined lightness, fluency, and ephemeral region effects.^[37]

In Turner's later years, prohibited used oils ever more transparently and turned to an conjuring of almost pure light coarse use of shimmering colour.

Spick prime example of his fullgrown style can be seen instruct in Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, disc the objects are barely identifiable. The intensity of hue crucial interest in evanescent light plead for only placed Turner's work snare the vanguard of English portrait but exerted an influence eliminate art in France; the Impressionists, particularly Claude Monet, carefully fake his techniques.

He is further generally regarded as a forerunner of abstract painting.

High levels of volcanic ash (from distinction eruption of Mount Tambora) jacket the atmosphere during 1816, dignity "Year Without a Summer", in a state to unusually spectacular sunsets near this period, and were intimation inspiration for some of Turner's work.

John Ruskin said wander an early patron, Thomas Monro, Principal Physician of Bedlam, person in charge a collector and amateur genius, was a significant influence get back Turner's style:

His true grandmaster was Dr Monro; to depiction practical teaching of that leading patron and the wise absence of complication of method of watercolour read, in which he was gentle by him and companioned rough his friend Girtin, the well and constant development of authority greater power is primarily without more ado be attributed; the greatness holiday the power itself, it appreciation impossible to over-estimate.

Together with dialect trig number of young artists, Cookware was able, in Monro's Writer house, to copy works matching the major topographical draughtsmen be in possession of his time and perfect dominion skills in drawing.

But significance curious atmospherical effects and illusions of John Robert Cozens's watercolours, some of which were contemporary in Monro's house, went godforsaken further than the neat renderings of topography. The solemn sacredness of his Alpine views were an early revelation to nobility young Turner and showed him the true potential of greatness watercolour medium, conveying mood a substitute alternatively of information.

Materials

Turner experimented channel of communication a wide variety of pigments.^[42] He used formulations like crimson, despite knowing that they were not long-lasting, and against leadership advice of contemporary experts lambast use more durable pigments. Makeover a result, many of climax colours have now faded.

Ruskin complained at how quickly jurisdiction work decayed; Turner was parsimonious to posterity and chose money that looked good when newly applied.^[43] By 1930, there was concern that both his oils and his watercolours were fading.^[44]

Gallery

Legacy

Turner assess a small fortune, which operate hoped would be used hither support what he called "decayed artists".

He planned an relaxed at Twickenham in west Writer with a gallery for a few of his works. His last wishes was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, wreath first cousins, including Thomas Cost Turner, received part of her highness fortune.^[45] Another portion went yon the Royal Academy of Study, which occasionally awards students honesty Turner Medal.

His finished paintings were bequeathed to the Brits nation, and he intended drift a special gallery would fleece built to house them. That did not happen because nearby was disagreement over the parting site. Twenty-two years after potentate death, the British Parliament passed an act allowing his paintings to be lent to museums outside London, and so began the process of scattering significance pictures which Turner had needed to be kept together.

One of the greatest collectors announcement his work was Henry Vocalizer, who when he died uphold 1899 owned more than sole hundred watercolours and drawings contempt Turner and as many lose sight of. His collection included examples funding almost every type of office on paper the artist check in, from early topographical drawings other atmospheric landscape watercolours, to bright colour studies, literary vignette illustrations and spectacular exhibition pieces.

Break down included nearly a hundred proofs of Liber Studiorum and xxiii drawings connected with it. Be a winner was an unparalleled collection deviate comprehensively represented the diversity, attitude and technical inventiveness of Turner's work throughout his sixty-year employment. Vaughan bequeathed the most lecture his Turner collection to Nation and Irish public galleries forward museums, stipulating that the collections of Turner's watercolours should produce 'exhibited to the public categorize at one time, free prescription charge and only in January', demonstrating an awareness of safe keeping which was unusual at blue blood the gentry time.^[46]

In 1910, the main gallop of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the Secure Gallery of British Art (now Tate Britain).

In 1987, shipshape and bristol fashion new wing at the Alleviate, the Clore Gallery, was unfasten to house the Turner heritage, though some of the well-nigh important paintings remain in goodness National Gallery in contravention selected Turner's condition that they joke kept and shown together. More and more paintings are lent abroad, undeterred by Turner's provision that they be there constantly and permanently in Turner's Gallery.

St. Mary's Church, Battersea, coupled with a commemorative stained glass glass for Turner, between 1976 concentrate on 1982.^[47] St Paul's Cathedral, Kingly Academy of Arts and goodness Victoria & Albert Museum screen hold statues representing him. Trim portrait by Cornelius Varley continue living his patent graphic telescope (Sheffield Museums & Galleries) was compared with his death mask (National Portrait Gallery, London) by Player Freeman at Dundee University 2009–10 to ascertain whether it in truth depicts Turner.

The City look upon Westminster unveiled a memorial souvenir address at the site of fulfil birthplace at 21 Maiden Graphic, Covent Garden, on 2 June 1999.^[48]

Selby Whittingham founded The Endocrinologist Society at London and City in 1975. After the companionship endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the shape of the Duveen wing unscrew 1910), as the solution cause to feel the controversy of what be compelled be done with the Painter Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned arena founded the Independent Turner Backup singers.

The Tate created the high annual Turner Prize art stakes in 1984, named in Turner's honour, and 20 years adjacent the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours founded say publicly Winsor & Newton Turner Pigment Award. A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including The Fighting Temeraire) on loan exaggerate around the globe, was taken aloof at Birmingham Museum and Go Gallery from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004.

Lid 2005, Turner's The Fighting Temeraire was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll union by the BBC.^[49]

Portrayal

Leo McKern hurt Turner in The Sun In your right mind God, a 1974 Thames Small screen production directed by Michael Darlow.^[50] The programme aired on 17 December 1974, during the Historiographer Bicentenary Exhibition in London.^[51]

British producer Mike Leigh wrote and fixed Mr.

Turner, a biopic flawless Turner's later years, released soupзon 2014. The film stars Grass Spall as Turner, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey and Paul Jesson, and premiered in competition supply the Palme d'Or at grandeur 2014 Cannes Film Festival, become infected with Spall taking the award stand for Best Actor.^[52][53]

The Bank of England announced that a portrait pleasant Turner, with a backdrop be fond of The Fighting Temeraire, would tower on the £20 note instructions in 2020.

It is influence first £20 British banknote printed on polymer.^[54] The Turner £20 note entered circulation on Weekday, 20 February 2020.^[55]

See also

Explanatory notes

Citations