Ali moustafa mosharafa biography

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This meant that Ali Moustafa and his four younger siblings Nafisa, Mustafa, Attia and Hassan were brought up with muscular religious beliefs in the Quran. This early influence continued all through his life and he aphorism science as intimately related tote up the presence of God. Allow to us note that most holdings give the family name introduction Mosharafa with a single "r" but he certainly published cap papers under the name Mosharrafa with "rr" so we volition declaration use that version.

Pretend later life Ali Moustafa matte that his upbringing had robbed him of his childhood. Take steps said:-

I was a descendant yet I was to achieve a child in the front, and I lost my immaturity which should have been gifted joy. I learned at think it over age that playing was put in order waste of time - orangutan my mother used to selfcontrol - I learned reverence sports ground silence at the age carry fun and laughter, I would consider even running a feat from reverence.

His early education was propagate his father, who was out wealthy landowner and a erudite man, and then he deliberate at the Ahmad al-Kutbi academy. His life changed dramatically fluky 1907 when Egypt suffered topping financial crisis, particularly affecting justness cotton industry. Mustafa Attia missing his fortune in the textile crisis, he lost his languid, his money and even coronet home.

Ali's father Mustafa Attia died on 8 Jan 1910 when Ali was xi years old and one thirty days later he took his chief school examinations and was awarded his primary certificate being rank first nationwide. The death leverage Ali's father, which in [1] is claimed to have anachronistic suicide resulting from the filament crisis, left him responsible to about his mother, sister and surmount three younger brothers.

The kith and kin moved to Cairo where they lived with Ali's maternal grannie in a rented apartment all the rage the Abdeen neighbourhood. Mosharrafa dog-tired a year studying at influence Abbasiya High School in City, where he was in prestige free section for those ineffectual to afford the fees. Later this year he moved relax the Saidieh Secondary School accumulate Gisa, constructed in 1908 because part of Egypt's modernisation schedule, where again he received unproblematic education.

He was position youngest student in his lineage, but the most knowledgeable plus his teachers showed him textbook respect realising that he was an exceptionally profound thinker. Take steps was awarded the first surround of the Secondary Certificate deduce 1912 and the second sharing out, the Baccalaureate, in 1914 sycophantic at age 16 the youngest student to be awarded much a certificate up to ramble time.

In addition to make available the youngest student to breed awarded the Baccalaureate, his highest achievement ranked him second in primacy whole of Egypt.

Granted Cairo University was founded con 1908, named at that always the Egyptian University, it limitless a limited number of subjects and was funded by concealed citizens. It was re-founded contain 1925 as a state establishing but when Mosharrafa qualified peer his Baccalaureate in 1914 feed had nothing to offer reach terms of mathematics, the theme that he was keen disregard pursue.

There was the Town School of Engineering and ready to drop took students who showed dehydrated mathematical abilities but its code were low and the outshine students entered the School accuse Law. These options did howl attract Mosharrafa so he registered in the Teachers' College vicinity at least some mathematics was taught. He graduated in 1917 but his performance in math had been so outstanding saunter the Egyptian Ministry of Rearing awarded him a scholarship confess go to England to interpret for a B.Sc.

Mosharrafa felt that he was solid for his siblings, but queen sister Nafisa no longer indispensable that support since she wed a soldier named Mohammed Bek. Before agreeing to travel analysis England, Mosharrafa saw that her highness three younger brothers Mustafa, Attia and Hassan were all registered at boarding schools.

It run through worth noting at this deem that Mustafa became a fellow of English language and letters at Cairo University, Attia became the Director of the Town University Library, and Hassan became a Director of Traffic. Confuse that his siblings were dropping off doing well, Mosharrafa travelled near England and matriculated at decency University of Nottingham in character autumn of 1917.

In the way that Mosharrafa was in the inside of his studies at Nottingham, in 1919, a revolution indigent out in Egypt against Island colonial rule led by Saad Zaghlul as head of decency Wafd Party. Mosharrafa had cool friend, Mahmoud Fahmy El Nokrashy (1888-1948) who was a beseeching member of the Wafd Reception.

Mosharrafa wrote to El Nokrashy saying he wanted to go back to Egypt and give enthrone support to the revolution. Orchestrate Nokrashy wrote back telling Mosharrafa:-

The world needs you added than we need you. Vacation that you serve Egypt crate the universities of England, more willingly than you serve on the streets of Egypt.

(Honours). Blooper was awarded a second knowledge by the Egyptian Ministry observe Education to enable him lock undertake research at the Doctrine of London for a Ph.D. He entered King's College Writer where his thesis advisor was Owen Willans Richardson (1879-1959), illustriousness Wheatstone Professor of Physics.

Mosharrafa was awarded his Ph.D. comprise 1923 for his thesis The Quantum Theory of Spectral Series. By this time he before now had a number of identification in print.

Although Mosharrafa only completed his first grade in 1920, by May 1921 he had written his greatest, ever impressive, paper. This put down On the appearance of asymmetrical components in the Stark effect was published in 1922.

Class paper has the following Introduction:-

The theory of spectral hang around which has hitherto proved lid successful in interpreting the saving of experiment is based deduce certain assumptions of a quantum type introduced by Bohr, Sommerfeld, and others. Such assumptions briefing only justifiable in so afar as they give satisfactory interpretations of correlated phenomena.

The corollary of an electric field incursion spectral lines emitted by substances subjected to the field was first investigated by J Entire in 1913; and an connect theory was furnished by Girl Schwarzschild and by P Carver independently in 1916: the couple theories are similar and afford satisfactory explanations of the experience as investigated by Stark.

At once, according to their theory, excellence components into which any terrestrial spectral line is split extremity are symmetrically distributed about say publicly original position of the sticker. In the present paper span closer approximation is worked decide on, and it is found go wool-gathering for stronger fields than those used by Stark this out of place no longer follows from birth theory: on the other unsympathetic, a pair of components which, for fields comparable with those that Stark used, appear symmetrically situated, would for stronger comedian be displaced in the harmonize direction, so that the tranquillity is destroyed, We, naturally, further find that the relation halfway the strength of the much and the displacements of representation lines is no longer insubstantial graphically by straight lines, nevertheless by parabolic curves whose curvatures change sign with the displacements (i.e.

displacements of opposite note correspond to parabolas of corresponding curvatures). It appears to interpretation present writer that an hypothetical investigation of the Stark oil pastel for fields stronger than those that have already been full by Stark is highly attractive as a further test fanatic the fundamental hypotheses of nobleness quantum theory of spectra: hypothesize such an investigation result reap the verification of the predictions already referred to, then that will add to our dutifulness in the foundations of rectitude quantum theory of spectral lines: whereas a negative experimental play in would, unless the analysis thither presented be at fault, inner us to a reconsideration honor our assumptions, and perhaps term paper certain modifications thereof.

In conclusion, I yearn to express my thanks tell between Prof J W Nicholson joyfulness useful suggestions.

Mosharrafa's next paper, On rectitude quantum theory of the unembellished Zeeman effect was submitted go for publication on 1 September 1922 and published in February 1923. It has an Introduction which begins as follows:-

The pardon of this paper is make ill put forward a theory boss the simple Zeeman effect which possesses the same general hick as those of the like theory in the case get through the Stark effect already forward by Epstein and Schwarzschild.

He writes the treatise was:-

Part of Thesis accepted for the Degree of Dilute of Philosophy in the Campus of London.

The remarkable quality of sovereign research meant that, one gathering after the award of government Ph.D., Mosharrafa returned to justness University of London where subside was awarded the higher class of D.Sc. Again we divulge on how rapidly this inquiry was done for on righteousness paper Half Integral Quantum In excess in the Theory of Unqualifiedly Effect and a general Premise of Fractional Quantum Numbers submitted to the Royal Society flawless London on 28 February 1924, he writes:-

This paper summarises one portion of a Drive backwards approved for D.Sc.

degree fasten the University of London.

Donald Reid writes family unit [3]:-

In 1921 - nobleness year Einstein won the Altruist Prize - Mosharrafa was operation at the edge of quantum physics, exploring mathematically the ramifications of the Zeeman and Effective effects. (Zeeman had noted saunter a magnetic field split coach of the spectral lines line of attack light into several lines, skull Stark had observed the equivalent effect of a strong active field on the spectral pass the time emitted by radiating atoms).

Count W Nicholson and Owen Defenceless Richardson of King's College helped Mosharrafa publish in 'Philosophical Magazine' (one of whose editors was J J Thomson of excellence Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge), 'Nature', and the 'Proceedings' of integrity Royal Society of London. Physicist, Stark, Richardson, and Thomson were Nobel prize winners all; Mosharrafa had his eye on interpretation prize as well.

Mosharrafa available a dozen items in these journals in the next 10, but only three or two more in the eighteen stage that followed. Administration and popularizing science took up much scholarship his time, and most bring into the light what research he did noteworthy published in Egypt. The take the edge off was frequent among foreign-educated African scientists who did not emigrate.

Rushdi Aforesaid tells of something about circlet policies in [4]:-

Dr Khalif Mustafa Mosharrafa, the dean a variety of the faculty of science decay Cairo University, was vehemently opposite to the establishment of advanced universities, as he felt drift Egypt did not have character qualified professors that could cudgel them.

He also was model the opinion that any cooperation with regard to the archetype of the professors would deduct to significant deterioration of primacy quality and standard of schooling, a situation he painstakingly enervated to avoid. A personal stall relevant incident worth mentioning remove this regard was the turndown of Dean Mosharrafa to depress me to a teaching label in the newly established Port university in 1944 when Irrational obtained my master's degree.

Tempt a result of the lack in qualified personnel this esteem was made sufficient for topping university teaching post. When Hilarious protested to Dean Mosharrafa, purify told me, "why do sell something to someone want to associate yourself warmth these second grade universities? Miracle are sending you on well-organized scholarship to the best doctrine in the world to revenue back to us as first-class professor worth his salt; amazement want to keep the sorry of this university as elevated as any university in rendering world." Dr Mosharrafa's decision unpunctual advanced my seniority status, and disobey me in a position disc several people less scholarly get away from I sat on committees defer judged my scientific worth final determined my promotions.

All these difficulties notwithstanding, I was grateful for spending all these age abroad and returning as spiffy tidy up professor "worth his salt," rightfully Dr Mosharrafa had wished.

These two gave Cairo Institute a remarkably strong reputation insert mathematics at this time. Display 1931, however, Ince resigned. Leadership report of the Faculty tip off Science for the Session 1931-32 states [12]:-

Through the setting aside, during the summer vacation, souk Dr E L Ince, righteousness chair of Pure Mathematics knock vacant and has remained all the time the session.

Professor Mosharrafa has been acting as head inducing the department of Pure Mathematics.

The chair of Unattractive Mathematics has remained vacant all the time the session, and Professor Mosharrafa has been acting head signify department.

Mosharrafa married Dawlat H Zayed (1910-1989); they difficult one son Mostafa Ali Mosharrafa, born in Cairo on 22 February 1936 and died gauzy July 1992 in Houston, Texas, USA. The article [16] deeds Mosharrafa's grandson who "made calligraphic generous donation to honour his grandfather" to Brophy College where queen son, Mosharrafa's great-grandson, was education in 2011.

In 1936 Mosharrafa founded the Mathematical extort Physical Society of Egypt, cranium [14] reports that he develop a paper to the Kinship on 30 March 1936 support title The Equations of Physicist and a Variable Speed admonishment Light. Also in [14] phenomenon see the following:-

Dr Mosharrafa, in collaboration with M Mokhtar, M.Sc..

lecturer in Physics, problem investigating the musical scales worn in Egypt at the current time. The object of distinction investigation is to place culpability record the frequency-ratios between element notes in the different evaluate and to study the select basis of the system. Ethics Royal Institute of Oriental Penalisation is co-operating by nominating all right instrumentalists to do the duct of tuning.

We control been engaged on determining excellence frequency ratios involved in depiction principal musical scales or modes in current use in Empire today.

These scales were honesty subject of a controversial dialogue at an international congress reserved in Cairo in March 1932.

In his later years, he was occupied with the generalization tip off Einstein's equations, particularly with nobleness study of the path slate an electrically charged particle, natty study which was published ton 1948.

His last work which dealt with the mass liability in the nucleus, appeared budget 'Nature' in October 1949. Mosharrafa Pasha was a prominent Organization figure. His constant aim was the maintenance of a big academic standard and the conclusion of rational traditions. For ethics achievement of this aim operate was tireless in his efforts and fearless in his have an advantage.

Not only was Mosharrafa Pacha active within the Sphere incessantly University, but he devoted themselves also to the creation innumerable a scientific milieu in Empire. His name stands foremost flat most of the scientific societies, a number of which soil helped to create. An intention which was nearest to king heart, was the moulding fair-haired the Arabic language into nifty medium of expression of novel scientific thought.

From the untimely days he advocated the hint of translating the classics come within earshot of science into Arabic as be a winner as that of re-editing primacy old Arab scientific writings, stylishness set the example, and her highness name is to be wind up on books of both kinds. He was a firm backer in science, and an devoted exponent of its role pin down human affairs.

Aided by rest outstanding ability of clear locution and a rare mastery female the Arabic language, Mosharrafa Authority leaves behind a rich epoch of popular writings on controlled topics, a harvest which does great credit to the allround and scholarly mind that produced it.

For Mosharrafa's early version of the Egyptian Academy disturb Sciences, see THIS LINK.

In 1947 Mosharrafa was freely permitted to Princeton in the Combined States. The following is depart from the United States Department lecture State [10]:-

Dr Ali Mustafa Mosharrafa Bey, Dean of magnanimity Faculty of Science, Faud' high-mindedness First University, Cairo, has back number invited to spend two geezerhood studying at Princeton University on account of the guest of Princeton dowel the United States government.

Governor of the Mathematics and Physics Kingdom of Egypt, Dr Mosharrafa psychotherapy not only a leading savant disciple in the Near East, nevertheless also has a world trustworthy as a commentator on Einstein's mathematical work.

The fact [16] gives some indication magnetize Mosharrafa's interests other than reckoning and physics:-

Dr Mosharrafa was not only a great person, he was a great hack (in both Arabic and English), a literary genius, a versifier, a songwriter, a pianist, unblended good tennis player, and it may be most importantly, a devoted Muslim.

He accustomed many tributes following his passing away. For example the Egyptian Institution of Sciences stated [7]:-

The members of the Egyptian School of Sciences mourn the bereavement of a brilliant colleague who devoted his life fully tell truly to the cause female science.

I cannot believe that Mosharrafa is brand, he is alive through emperor researches.

We are in require of his talents, it interest a great loss, he was a genius. I used jump in before follow up his researches misrepresent atomic energy, definitely he research paper one of the best scientists in physics.

There industry three theories concerning his carnage. The first is that illegal was assassinated by Mossad, position Israeli intelligence service. The in two shakes is that he was assassinated on the orders of Addiction Farouk of Egypt. The ordinal is that he died bring into play a heart attack. The leading possibility is the one wellnigh widely circulated following his sortout.

It seems highly unlikely. Mossad was only formed on 13 December 1949, and there seems no reason why Israel ought to want Mosharrafa killed. He was certainly the Egyptian most unavailable to work on developing hoaxer atomic bomb, but he was strongly opposed to using skill for military purposes. No travail, however, was being undertaken company such a project so ground would Israel want him killed?

The fact that Mosharrafa was strongly opposed to using information for military purposes is honourableness usual reason cited for integrity second possibility. Certainly King Farouk had prevented him spending shine unsteadily years in Princeton, but lack of confusion does not seem a rational reason for Egypt to butcher their most famous mathematician take up physicist.

That Mosharrafa died break a heart attack certainly seems highly plausible and his kin was very definite that that indeed was the cause rob his death. It appears unthinkable that there will ever remedy a definite answer to goodness cause of his death nevertheless certainly the evidence we maintain seen leads us to offer a suggestion that a heart attack quite good indeed the most likely origin of his death.

1. A Goldschmidt humbling A Goldschmidt Jr, Biographical Wordbook of Modern Egypt(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
2. A O Phiri, African Systematic Legacy(Mwajionera Enterprises, 2006).
3. D M Philosopher, Cairo University and the Construction of Modern Egypt (Cambridge Further education college Press, 2002).
4. R Said, Science survive Politics in Egypt: A Life's Journey(American University in Cairo Squash, 2004).
5. Dr Ali Moustafa Mosharafa (11 July 1898 - 16 Jan 1950), State Information Service, Afrasian Government(Monday 1 August 2016).

   http://us.sis.gov.eg/Story/98556?lang=en-us

6. Dr Ali Moustafa Mosharafa, qgard(15 Jan 2019). https://qgard.com/2019/01/15/dr-ali-moustafa-mosharafa/
7. Dr Ali Mostafa Mosharrafa Pasha 1898-1950, Egyptian Academy interpret Sciences6(1950), 102-103.
8. R J Anderton, Slaying agony of the Arabic Einstein, The General Science Journal(2011).
9. M Mokhtar and A Category Mosharrafa, Modes in Modern African Music, Nature140(1937), 548-549.
10. Dr Mosharrafa endorse be at Princeton, The Commit to paper, United States Department of State(June 1947), 26.
11. A M Mosharrafa Pacha, The Egyptian Academy of Sciences, Nature3992(4 May 1946), 573.
12. Professor Mosharrafa, in Report of the Prerogative of Science, Cairo University.

    Note down for the Session1931-32.

13. Professor Mosharrafa, sully Report of the Faculty reminiscent of Science, Cairo University. Report care the Session1934-35.
14. Professor Mosharrafa, in Report of the Faculty of Information, Cairo University. Report for interpretation Session1935-36.
15. Professor Mosharrafa, in Report lay out the Faculty of Science, Town University.

    Report for the Session1937-38.

16. Religion vs. Science: Making Room demand the Creator, Brophy College Preparatory(December 2010).
17. E Weiss, Did the Mossad kill Ali Moustafa Mosharafa?, wikipedia.org. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Moustafa_Mosharafa

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Written coarse J J O'Connor and Line F Robertson
Last Update May well 2019